One in a Million

It’s been said that a picture is worth a thousand words.  But for Washington DC, a picture was worth $50 million.  In 1999, satellite pictures in the Washington Post clearly displayed a dramatic loss of tree cover in the District of Columbia, showing far more pavement than trees.  The accompanying article explained that the number of acres of heavy tree cover had dropped by 64 percent over the past two decades, as trees died due to disease, development, and old age, and were not replaced.  The shocking pictures motivated philanthropist and long time resident, Mrs. Betty Brown Casey to generously donate $50 million to re-green the city.  Her donation established the non-profit Casey Trees, which is officially charged with restoring, enhancing, and protecting the tree canopy of our nation’s capital. 

Photo: Trees, gardens, and parks make our densely populated cities liveable, like this tree-lined street of Park Slope, Brooklyn.

During the summer of 2002, I helped Casey Trees with the initial tree inventory and planning process.  Using a hand-held GIS, I traipsed around Washington DC with volunteers measuring and assessing the health of individual street trees.  As we walked the innumerable city blocks, I entered on my digital map the tree information and where new planting opportunities were.  After three months, our dedicated team finished inventorying over 100,000 street trees.  The soles of our sneakers had grown thin, our calves had grown wide, and our bright yellow safety vests had become tattered and stained.  Nevertheless, we were proud of our accomplishment and excited that DC would soon become greener with our help. 

For nearly the past decade, Casey Trees has worked alongside the DC government planting and maintaining the urban forest.  Over 10,000 trees have been planted and thousands of people have been educated on the important role that trees play in making our communities livable.  Casey Trees continues to work diligently towards its goal of creating 40% tree cover in Washington DC by 2035.  (For more information, visit www.caseytrees.org)

Photo:  Tree-lined street of Washington DC

Urban reforestation programs are taking the country by storm.  Not to be outdone, in 2007 Mayor Bloomberg announced a new initiative to create “a greener, greater New York.”  As part of his new plan for NYC, an ambitious goal was created to plant one million new trees across Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island by 2017.  Led by the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation and the non-profit New York Restoration Project, MillionTreesNYC has already planted nearly half a million trees.  70% of trees will or have been planted on public land in existing parks and forests and along streets.  The remaining trees will or have been planted on private land on individual properties or institutions.

Photo: Planetree (Platanus x acerifolia) is the most common street tree in NYC, comprising 15% of the trees

Although MillionTreesNYC is a citywide initiative, half a dozen neighborhoods have been identified as focus planting areas.  The neighborhoods of East Harlem, Manhattan; East New York, Brooklyn; the Rockaways, Queens; Stapleton, Staten Island; Hunts Point, Bronx; and Morrisania, Bronx are at a critical need for trees, with higher than average rates of childhood asthma and lower than average number of street trees.  Planting trees, especially in these areas, will hopefully reduce the pollutants that trigger respiratory disorders and help create a healthier living environment for all.

If you live in any of the five boroughs, you can request a free street tree (if you don’t have a tree already) at:  www.milliontreesnyc.org/html/involved/request_a_tree.shtml  If you don’t feel like waiting, you could instead plant a street tree on your own by first obtaining a tree planting permit.  Be aware that there are tree height and species restrictions.  Learn how to care for your new street tree at one of the many free workshops offered by the MillionTrees Stewardship Corps. 

Photo: A greener city - park in Chelsea, Manhattan

It is truly remarkable that urban trees in NYC, Washington DC, and other cities have such a positive impact on the environment and people’s well-being.  Even more remarkable is that politicians are recognizing the importance of trees!  Through the efforts of MillionTreesNYC and the other sustainable initiatives of PlaNYC, New York City - the greatest city in the world - will soon become the Big “Green” Apple! 

Annually, it is estimated that NYC’s 592,000 street trees provide:

·         $52 million in increased property values;

·         $36 million in stormwater runoff abatement;

·         $27 million in energy savings;

·         $5.3 million in improved air quality; and

·         $0.75 million in carbon dioxide reduction.

(STRATUM results based on 2005-06 NYC Street Tree Census)

For more information, visit MillionTreesNYC at: www.milliontreesnyc.org  

Oh Deer!

You don’t need to travel upstate New York to see a deer.  If you live on the eastern two-thirds of Long Island, you may only need to look out your window at dusk to see a doe or buck grazing in the twilight.  White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is a species of wildlife native to the East Coast and Long Island that has been reported as far west as Eastern Queens in recent years.  In conversations with friends, landscapers, and nursery growers, I find that everyone I talk to has a very strong opinion about deer - opinions which span quite the gamut.  For example, one homeowner on Fire Island that I know keeps a daily log of all the deer that walk in and out of her beach property.  Not only has she named every deer, but she also knows who is related to who and the genealogy of the entire herd.   On the other side of the gamut, at our July 4^th BBQ, we ate venison that was proudly provided by my co-worker from one of his hunting trips.  As we ate, another co-worker recounted when a deer had accidently become trapped inside our fenced research fields, and he had to chase it out with the golf cart, but not before it had trammeled through the property wrecking havoc on our neatly planted experiments. 

These deer stories have helped me realize that there seems to be three distinct ways of thinking about deer – as innocent and beautiful animals to be protected, as nuisance pests that are highly destructive, or as potential trophies and sources of healthy, wild game.  But all too often, these three different viewpoints do not overlap and one opinion is vehemently defended, while the other two are condemned.

Photo: According to the U.S. Department of the Interior (2008), nearly 1.2 million New Yorkers enjoy viewing deer near their home.  Watch Hill, Fire Island

Perhaps we would have room for these different opinions if it wasn’t for the sheer number of deer.  Although white-tailed deer are a natural part of Long Island’s ecosystem, numbers have greatly increased over the last century throughout the East Coast.  New York’s deer population spiked to over 1 million between 2000 and 2002 (DEC 2011).  Removal of natural predators, conversion of dense forest to habitat preferred by deer, and a nearly 40% reduction in deer hunting participation in New York since the mid-1980s are the cause of extraordinarily high numbers of deer in the state.  

This exploding population of deer has created a melee of problems which threaten all three different perspectives on deer.  There are now too many deer to protect all these beautiful animals from winter starvation.  There are now too many deer to economically protect highly valuable crops upon which people depend for their livelihood.  There are now too many deer to protect seedlings in the forest understory from not being eaten and growing into mature trees, forever altering the composition of our remaining forests.  There are so many deer that they are now one of the number one sources of wildlife-related car collisions.  There are so many deer that the risk of Lyme disease is incredibly high.  There are so many deer that hunters are now sometimes given incentives to shoot a female doe rather than a prized male buck (This apparently lowers the population more efficiently.)  In essence, everyone’s opinions about deer are at risk, which makes people cling even more tenaciously to those opinions and beliefs about nature at large.  What began as a simple argument about deer, has snowballed into an embittered battle of beliefs, values, and our relationship with nature.    

Although beautiful animals, there is no way that deer can be considered innocent little Bambis, as they are the source of many very serious environmental, economic, and public health problems.  The Wildlife Bureau of the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation continues to seriously address these deer-related concerns.  In June 2011, they published a Management Plan for White-tailed Deer in New York State, 2011-2015.  In this document, the DEC confesses that, “Balancing the deer population with the often conflicting demands of the various stakeholders impacted by deer has been and continues to be a fundamental challenge for deer managers.” (Read the whole report at: http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/draftdeerplan0611.pdf)

Whatever your opinion is about deer, you can minimize damage to your landscape by installing plants that deer prefer not to eat.  There are no truly deer “resistant” plants, since if deer are hungry enough they will eat just about everything.   That being said, you can pretty surely bet that deer will avoid eating Boxwood (Buxus spp.), Japanese Andromeda (Pieris japonica), Russian Sage (Perovskia atriplicifolia), and Catmint (Nepeta x faassenii).  Avoid planting deer favorites, which include Yew (Taxus spp.), Hosta (Hosta spp.), Rhododendron and Azalea (Rhododendron spp.), and Eastern Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis).  Your other option is to surround your property with an 8-10 ft. tall deer fence.

Photo: 'Walkers Low' Catmint (Nepeta x faassenii), a good plant for deer-prone gardens. 

Photo: 'Brouwer's Beauty' Andromeda (Pieris japonica), a good plant for deer-prone areas.

 

Until wolves are reintroduced onto Long Island or the number of hunters increases dramatically (neither of which seem very likely), we’ll continue to have to find ways of graciously accepting deer as our permanent backyard neighbors.    

Going the Distance with Ground Covers

In a tight spot and don’t know what to plant?  Try a ground cover!  Ground covers are a great way to fill in bare spots and add a unique touch to your landscape, while suppressing weeds.  “Ground covers” (or “Groundcovers”) are perennial ornamental plants that may be deciduous, evergreen, herbaceous, or woody.  Typically low-growing and planted en masse, ground covers often display attractive foliage and/or flowers. 

Photo: Ground cover Epimedium pinnatum subsp. colchicum used effectively; Cornell University, Ithaca

There are many reasons to plant ground covers.  Like any good ornamental plant, ground covers add beauty, novelty, and continuity to landscape designs.  Ground covers are also perfect for the sustainable garden.  By replacing turf grass with ground covers, you can reduce mowing, overall inputs, and excess maintenance, especially in areas where turf is difficult to maintain because it is too shady, too wet, or too sloped.  One of the main benefits of planting ground covers is that they can suppress weeds, reducing the need for herbicides or manual weeding.  Weed-suppressive ground covers grow fast and overwhelm competing vegetation.  Furthermore, ground covers can reduce soil erosion, foot traffic, and soil compaction. 

Planting recommendations for ground covers are not all that different from other ornamental plants.  First, be sure to prepare the planting bed properly by adding organic matter and adjusting for soil pH if needed according to soil test results.  After removing any offending weeds, plant the ground covers.  How far apart they should be planted is determined by their mature size.  For example, if a ground cover typically matures to 12-24 inches wide, you can space plants 12 inches apart from their centers.  After planting, add 2-3 inches of composted mulch (not fresh wood chips) to help maintain soil moisture.  Water the ground covers in and keep the soil moist until they are established.  You should plan on hand weeding around the ground covers during the first season.      

There are many unique ground covers to choose from, so don’t limit yourself to the old stand-bys like Pachysandra or English Ivy.  The Long Island Gold Medal Plant Program has awarded Gold Medal status to at least ten different and underutilized ground covers that perform admirably on Long Island.  One of these is ‘Fröhnleiten’ Barrenwort (Epimedium x perralchicum ‘Fröhnleiten’).  This herbaceous, evergreen ground cover also goes by the more appealing name Bishop’s Hat, which references the little yellow flowers which appear above the foliage in April.  This particular Barrenwort or Bishop’s Hat is a hybrid of two Epimedium species from the Middle East and North Africa but is hardy to zone 5 in the U.S.  ‘Fröhnleiten’ has attractive, glossy foliage that displays a reddish tinge around the edges of the new leaves and in winter.  It has a medium growth rate and will mature to a spread of 12-18 inches and a height of only 4-8 inches.  ‘Fröhnleiten’ Barrenwort grows best in light shade with even moisture, but it will also tolerate dense, heavy shade and dry soil where little else can grow.  ‘Fröhnleiten’ Barrenwort is perfect for shade or woodland gardens and planting beneath trees with dense canopies.  To make way for new foliage, cut the old foliage to the ground in late winter/early spring before new growth begins. 

Photo: ‘Fröhnleiten’ Barrenwort (Epimedium x perralchicum ‘Fröhnleiten’) in early spring; Atlantic Nurseries, Dix Hills

Another award-winning ground cover is Creeping Phlox (Phlox stolonifera).  Creeping Phlox is much more subdued and less showy than the ubiquitous Moss Phlox (Phlox subulata), which is also sometimes called Creeping Phlox.  P. stolonifera is an herbaceous, deciduous flowering ground cover that is native to the Eastern U.S., where it grows wild in the woodlands and along the streambanks of the Appalachians.  It prefers to grow in moist soil, rich in organic matter, in the partial shade.  It grows 12 inches wide and only 3 inches tall.  Its foliage is non-descript, but it is a stunner in the early spring when deep lavender flowers appear on stems rising 6 inches above the foliage.  Creeping Phlox is truly a head-turner with its delicate and ephemeral beauty.       

Photo: Creeping Phlox (Phlox stolonifera) in bloom; Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead

So the next time you are scratching your head wondering what to plant in an empty spot in your garden, consider a ground cover!  Both attractive and functional, ground covers are a great addition to any landscape.

Other Gold Medal Ground Covers -

Carex morrowii ‘Ice Dance’- Japanese Sedge

Ceratostigma plumbaginoides - Plumbago

Geranium x cantabrigiense ‘Biokovo’ - Hardy Geranium

Microbiota decussata - Russian Arborvitae

Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilis - Dwarf Sweetbox

Sedum spurium ‘John Creech’ - Two Row Stonecrop

Stachys ‘Helene von Stein’ - Helene von Stein Lamb’s Ears

Waldsteinia ternata - Siberian Barren-strawberry

For more info. visit:

http://ccesuffolk.org/the-long-island-gold-medal-plant-program/

How to Hire a Professional

When it comes to gardening, I like to do everything myself.  I enjoy both the process and the finished results of planting, weeding, pruning, thinning, and everything else involved in gardening.  Being outside, absorbed in my work, hours can pass without me realizing.  I can either zone-out or think about things that occurred during the day – either way, it’s my time.  Despite often being covered in sweat, dirt, and mosquito bites, I enjoy gardening because it helps me feel alive.  Using all my senses while immersed in the garden, feels so much more real than staring at a computer screen, which I admittedly do for far too long each day, like so many other people today.  While working in the garden, I’ll notice things that I didn’t notice before, and I’ll start to feel connected to something greater.  And before I know it, the light will be getting dimmer, and I’ll start making deals with the sun, pleading, “Just please let me finish pruning this hedge before it gets too dark and I have to go inside!” 

For all the enjoyment and satisfaction I get out of gardening, there are other, far less glorious reasons why I like to do everything myself.  For starters, I have certain ways of doing things and can be quite particular.  It’s not full-blown O.C.D., but it might be close.  When I was 13 and had to mow my family’s lawn every week, I ensured that all the lines the mower made in the grass were perfectly parallel.  Once I had finished mowing, I would walk across the street and assess the grass line situation and make sure that I had done a perfect job.  I’m sure the neighbors never figured out what I was doing – they were simply shocked at the sight of a 13 year old girl behind a lawn mower. 

Which brings me to the last reason why I like to do everything myself in the garden; I don’t like people telling me I can’t.  When cars would slow down to stare at me mowing my family’s lawn, or neighbors would drop off the number of their landscaper unrequested, I got the keen sense that society was telling me I couldn’t.  But to me, it was an extra $10 or $15 (depending on if I edged or not) and to my parents it was a sweet deal, so I kept on mowing.  But there are times in everyone’s life when they realize that they really can’t do something and need to suck up their pride and hire a professional.  Below are the ways you can hire a professional landscaper, arborist, or certified applicator.  By following these suggestions, you’ll be the most likely to get both professional service and the results you want. 

Landscaper
Landscaping is really divided into three main categories – landscape design (a plan for your garden), landscape installation (obtaining and planting plants for your garden), and landscape maintenance (maintaining your lawn and/or shrubs). 

Photo: A landscape designer can help you select ornamental plants that are best suited for your site and design a beautiful garden out of them. Environmentals, Cutchogue

Some companies are specialized in only one of these categories, while others will be able to do all three, so you have to be clear as to what you want and what the company can provide.  When hiring a landscaper, make sure that he or she is a member of a local professional organization.  Both the Nassau Suffolk Landscape Gardeners Association (NSLGA) and the Long Island Nursery & Landscape Association (LINLA) offer numerous and high-quality educational programs and training sessions so that members can keep abreast of local trends and new regulations and maintain their credentials.  Furthermore, landscapers are required to have insurance and numerous licenses which the professional organizations help their members obtain and keep.  For fully licensed and insured landscape professionals working in your area, call the NSLGA office at 631-665-2250, or search the Nursery & Landscape Association’s member database (Region 1) at: http://www.nysnla.com/index.php?option=com_civicrm&view=Profiles&layout=search&Itemid=144

Arborist

An arborist will be able to take care of your trees and shrubs.  Arboriculture is really divided into two main categories – general tree care which includes pruning and tree removal, and plant health care, which includes pest, soil, and root zone management.  

Photo: Properly managing the root zone of trees has recently been shown to have a dramatic impact on tree health, Planting Fields Arboretum, Oyster Bay

Like landscaping, some arboriculture companies are specialized in only one of these categories, while others will be able to do both.  When hiring an arborist, make sure that he or she is a member of a professional organization.  Both the Long Island Arboriculture Association (LIAA) and the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) offer numerous and high-quality educational programs and training sessions.  For arborists working in your area, view the LIAA membership list at http://www.longislandarborists.org/membership_list.html   or you can search the ISA website for an
ISA certified arborist in your area at http://www.isa-arbor.org/faca/findarborist.aspx

Photo: A certified arborist will be able to safely provide professional tree care services

Certified Applicator

Any professional who treats pests must be a certified pesticide applicator.  This is true even if organic means are utilized.  Individuals who are certified applicators are often landscapers, arborists, exterminators, farmers, and nursery growers.  If you have a pest infestation on your trees or shrubs, or in your lawn or house, you’ll have to hire a certified applicator if you are using a professional.  A certified applicator will also be able to help you treat weeds and invasive plants.  All New York State certified applicators are listed alphabetically on the Department of Environmental Conservation’s website http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/materials_minerals_pdf/appweb.pdf  Check this list to ensure that the individual is currently a certified pesticide applicator.  Many certified applicators are also members of the organization, Professional Certified Applicators of Long Island which offers educational programs.  Call the office at 631-744-0634 to find a member in your area.

By hiring a qualified professional, you can save both time and frustration, knowing that your garden is being cared for properly.  At least for now, I no longer worry about the lines in my lawn, and entrust the mowing to my professional landscape maintenance service.  And if any major tree pruning needs to be done, I’ll be sure to call a professional arborist!

Plants for Long Island’s Shores

No matter where you are on Long Island the open sea is only 20 minutes away or less.  From the Atlantic Ocean to the Long Island Sound, the Peconic Bay to the Great South Bay, Long Island is surrounded by deep blue waters.  As Long Islanders, we are truly blessed to be able to have our long summer days filled with sand, salt spray, and sunshine.  Whether we are soaking up the rays with friends on a packed field at Jones Beach, or quietly dipping our toes into the calm waters of the Sound, Long Island’s shorelines have something for everyone to enjoy.

Photo: Homes along the Great South Bay, Patchogue

Although the sea may be renewing and refreshing for the human soul, it is a tough and inhospitable place for plants.  Those plants that do grow along the coastline must deal with extremely challenging growing conditions, including high winds and salt. 

Photo: Pines shaped by the elements, Davis Park, Fire Island

Wind increases plant transpiration and water loss and blows abrasive sand onto plants.  Wind can also carry saltwater droplets which may then be deposited on leaf surfaces.  Both aerosol and soil salts can have negative consequences for plants.  Because of its lower osmotic potential, saltwater will draw moisture out of plant roots and leaves, causing an injured plant to display drought-like symptoms including foliar browning and leaf drop.  Tender new leaves of plants within 1,000 feet of the shoreline are the most susceptible to salt spray injury.  Sandy soils with few nutrients and little water-holding ability compound the problem, making the seashore a very harsh growing environment.

Few plants are adapted to such tough conditions, but if you choose wisely, you can still have a lush and beautiful beachfront garden.  Seaside plants must be able to thrive in intense sun and must be salt and drought-tolerant.  Seaside plants must also be able to grow in very well-drained sandy soil with few nutrients and little organic matter.  Plants native to coastlines have naturally evolved under harsh conditions and most often fill these requirements.  Specific adaptations like thick, leathery leaves which help protect from salt spray injury, enable adapted plants to grow along the shoreline.  When planning your beachfront garden, keep in mind that salt-tolerance of plants varies along a continuum, and always place the most salt-tolerant plants closest to shore.  These plants will be the most likely to survive and will help buffer your other plants from wind and salt spray.   

Two underutilized salt-tolerant shrubs that are perfect for Long Island seaside gardens are Virginia Rose (Rosa virginiana) and Eastern Baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia).  Virginia Rose is a native rose found from Newfoundland to Virginia and west to Missouri.  In late spring and early summer, it is covered in fragrant, single pink blossoms that have soft yellow centers.  Ornamental rose hips follow the flowers and persist through the winter.  Virginia Rose is salt-tolerant and grows best in full sun in sandy, well-drained soil.  It grows to 4-6 feet tall and wide.  Because it can sucker and spread quickly, Virginia Rose is ideal for covering large areas of coastal gardens, forming beautiful drifts of flowers.  Also, Virginia Rose does not need numerous applications of pesticides because it is highly resistant to the common diseases that plague other roses, such as rust and black spot.  

Photo:  Native Virginia Rose (Rosa virginiana) is attractive to pollinators.

Eastern Baccharis is a medium to large, deciduous shrub that is native to the East Coast from Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Texas.  Reaching a mature height of 5-12 feet, Eastern Baccharis has a dense, rounded habit.  Although its deep green to gray-green, uniquely-shaped leaves are present throughout the growing season, its main ornamental feature does not become apparent until fall when the cottony fruits appear and transform the plant into a billowly cloud.  Eastern Baccharis grows best in full sun and is highly salt-tolerant.  It is adaptable to many different soil types including pure sand.

Photo: Eastern Baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia) in October.

Photo: Eastern Baccharis along the shoreline of Heckscher State Park, East Islip.

Both Virginia Rose and Eastern Baccharis are native to Long Island’s maritime shrubland habitats which naturally occur behind stabilized back dunes.  Although some distance from the open beach and dunegrass, maritime shrublands are still subject to salt spray and offshore winds.  Just because your home is along the shore doesn’t mean that you can’t have a beautiful garden.  Wisely choosing salt-tolerant plants like Virginia Rose and Eastern Baccharis enable you to create your own seaside garden escape!  For further information, read Seascape Gardening: From New England to the Carolinas by Anne Halpin, Storey Publishing, 2006.  You may even recognize some photos from Long Island!